2026

2026 JAIR

Rational Silence and False Polarization: How Viewpoint Organizations and Recommender Systems Distort the Expression of Public Opinion

With Atrisha Sarkar
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research Vol. 85
2026 Knight Institute

Building AI for the Democratic Matrix: A Technical Research Agenda for Normative Competence and Normative Institutions

With Dylan Hadfield-Menell and Rakshit Trivedi
Knight First Amendment Institute
2026 NBER

An Economy of AI Agents

With Andrew Koh
The NBER Handbook on the Economics of Transformative AI, Ajay K. Agrawal, Erik Brynjolfsson and Anton Korinek (eds.)
2026 FAccT

Societal Alignment Frameworks Can Improve LLM Alignment

With Karolina Stańczak, Nicholas Meade, Mehar Bhatia, Hattie Zhou, Konstantin Böttinger, Jeremy Barnes, Jason Stanley, Jessica Montgomery, Richard Zemel, Nicolas Papernot, Nicolas Chapados, Denis Therien, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Ana Marasović, Sylvie Delacroix, and Siva Reddy
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT)
2026 ICML

Talk, Judge, Cooperate: Gossip-driven Indirect Reciprocity in Self-Interested LLM Agents

With Shuhui Zhu, Yue Lin, Shriya Kaistha, Wenhao Li, Baoxiang Wang, Hongyuan Zha, and Pascal Poupart
Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
2026 Jurimetrics

Regulatory Markets: The Future of AI Governance

With Jack Clark
Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science, and Technology Vol. 65, pp. 195–240
2026 ICML Workshop

I-CALM: Incentivizing Confidence-Aware Abstention for LLM Hallucination Mitigation

With Haotian Zong, Binze Li, Yufei Long, Sinyin Chang, and Jialong Wu
ICML EIML Workshop
2026 arXiv

Legal Alignment for Safe and Ethical AI

With Noam Kolt, Nicholas Caputo, Jack Boeglin, Cullen O'Keefe, Rishi Bommasani, Stephen Casper, Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, Noah Feldman, Iason Gabriel, Lewis Hammond, Peter Henderson, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, Seth Lazar, Anka Reuel, Kevin L. Wei, and Jonathan Zittrain
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2601.04175
2026 arXiv

Open-World Evaluations for Measuring Frontier AI Capabilities

With S. Kapoor, P. Kirgis, A. Schwartz, S. Rabanser, J. J. Allaire, R. Bommasani, and others
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2605.20520

2025

2025 Wiley-Blackwell

Can AI be Governed? Only If We Build Normatively Competent AI

In Sven Nyholm, John Zerilli and Atoosa Kasirzadeh (eds.)
Contemporary Debates in the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, Wiley-Blackwell
2025 Phil Trans B

Meta-norms Generate Stable Yet Adaptable Normative Social Order in a Politically Decentralized Society

With Danson Mwangi, Samir Reynolds, and Sarah Mathew
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 380: 20240260
2025 TMLR

Infrastructure for AI Agents

With Markus Anderljung, Alan Chan, Sihao Huang, Seth Lazar, Elija Perrier, Nitarshan Rajkumar, and Kevin Wei
Transactions on Machine Learning Research (05/2025)
2025 Book Chapter

Revisiting the Many Institutions that Support Contractual Commitments in a Globalized World

With Alexander Bernier
Handbook of New Institutional Economics (Second Edition)
2025 Nature Human Behaviour

The Impact of Advanced AI Systems on Democracy

With Christopher Summerfield, Lisa P. Argyle, Michiel Bakker, Teddy Collins, Esin Durmus, Tyna Eloundou, Iason Gabriel, Deep Ganguli, Kobi Hackenburg, Luke Hewitt, Saffron Huang, Hélène Landemore, Nahema Marchal, Aviv Ovadya, Ariel Procaccia, Mathias Risse, Bruce Schneier, Elizabeth Seger, Divya Siddarth, Henrik Skaug Sætra, Michael Henry Tessler, and Matthew Botvinick
Nature Human Behaviour DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02309-z
2025 ICML Workshop

Talk Isn't Always Cheap: Understanding Failure Modes in Multi-Agent Debate

With Andrea Wynn and Harsh Satija
ICML MAS Workshop
2025 ICLR Workshop

Societal Alignment Frameworks Can Improve LLM Alignment

With Karolina Stańczak, Nicholas Meade, Mehar Bhatia, Hattie Zhou, Konstantin Böttinger, Jeremy Barnes, Jason Stanley, Jessica Montgomery, Richard Zemel, Nicolas Papernot, Nicolas Chapados, Denis Therien, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Ana Marasović, Sylvie Delacroix, and Siva Reddy
International Conference on Learning Representations (Bi-Align Workshop)
2025 arXiv

Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI

With Lewis Hammond, Alan Chan, and others
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2502.14143
2025 arXiv

An Economy of AI Agents

With Andrew Koh
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2509.01063

2024

2024 AIES

Responsible Reporting for Frontier AI Development

With Noam Kolt, Markus Anderljung, Joslyn Barnhart, Asher Brass, Kevin Esvelt, Lennart Heim, Mikel Rodriguez, Jonas B. Sandbrink, and Thomas Woodside
Proceedings of the Seventh AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics (AIES 2024)
2024 Science

Managing Extreme AI Risks Amid Rapid Progress

With Yoshua Bengio, Geoffrey Hinton, Andrew Yao, Dawn Song, Pieter Abbeel, Trevor Darrell, Yuval Noah Harari, and others
Science 384, 842–845
2024 Science

Regulating Advanced Artificial Agents

With Michael K. Cohen, Noam Kolt, Yoshua Bengio, and Stuart Russell
Science Vol. 384, pp. 36–38
2024 ICML Workshop

Altared Environments: Normative Institutions Support AI Alignment for Cooperation in Multi-Agent Systems

With Rakshit Trivedi, Atrisha Sarkar, Shuhui Zhu, Nikhil Chandak, Joel Leibo, and Dylan Hadfield-Menell
International Conference on Machine Learning, Agentic Markets Workshop
2024 Report

AI Model Registries: A Foundational Tool for AI Governance

With Elliot McKernon, Gwynn Glasser, and Deric Cheng
Convergence Analysis
2024 Report

Artificial Intelligence Certification: Unlocking the Power of AI through Innovation and Trust

With Maggie Arai, Ashley Casovan, Var Shankar, Jayant Narayan, Ron Bodkin, Cathy Cobey, Yvonne Zhu, Phil Dawson, Jesslyn Dymond, Lindsay Green-Noble, Gemma Galdon Clavell, Heidy Khlaaf, Brent Mittelstadt, Alexander Scott, Dominique Payette, Alexey Rubtsov, Julia Stoyanovich, and Craig Shank
Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society
2024 arXiv

Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence

With Girish Sastry, Lennart Heim, Haydn Belfield, Markus Anderljung, Miles Brundage, Julian Hazell, Cullen O'Keefe, Richard Ngo, Konstantin Pilz, and others
Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
2024 arXiv

Normative Modules: A Generative Agent Architecture for Learning Norms that Supports Multi-Agent Cooperation

With Atrisha Sarkar, Andrei Muresanu, Carter Blair, Ankur Sharma, and Rakshit Trivedi
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2405.19328

2023

2023 Science Advances

Judging Facts, Judging Norms: Training Machine-Learning Models to Judge Humans Requires a Modified Approach to Selecting and Labeling Data

With Aparna Balagopalan, David Madras, Dylan Hadfield-Menell, and Marzyeh Ghassemi
Science Advances Vol. 9
2023 Microsoft

AI's Striding Edge

Microsoft Anthology
2023 CIFAR

CIFAR AI Insights: Regulatory Transformation in the Age of AI

With Jamie Sandhu and Noam Kolt
CIFAR
2023 arXiv

International Institutions for Advanced AI

With Lewis Ho, Joslyn Barnhart, Robert Trager, Yoshua Bengio, Miles Brundage, Allison Carnegie, Rumman Chowdhury, Allan Dafoe, Margaret Levi, and Duncan Snidal
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2307.04699
2023 arXiv

Frontier AI Regulation: Managing Emerging Risks to Public Safety

With Markus Anderljung, Joslyn Barnhart, Jade Leung, Anton Korinek, Cullen O'Keefe, Jess Whittlestone, Shahar Avin, Miles Brundage, and others
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2307.03718
2023 arXiv

Regulatory Markets: The Future of AI Governance

With Jack Clark
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2304.04914

2022

2022 CACM

Technical Perspective: The Impact of Auditing for Algorithmic Bias

With Vincent Conitzer and Shannon Vallor
Communications of the ACM Vol. 66, p. 100
2022 PNAS

Spurious Normativity Improves the Capacity of Agents to Learn Stable Enforcement and Compliance Behaviors

With Raphael Koster, Dylan Hadfield-Menell, Richard Everett, Laura Weidinger, and Joel Z. Leibo
PNAS Vol. 119, 1–11
2022 JEL

Legal Markets

Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 60, pp. 1264–1315
2022 Report

A Research Agenda for Assessing the Economic Impacts of Code Generation Models

With Pamela Mishkin, Sam Manning, Tyna Eloundou, and Emily Eisner
OpenAI
2022 Stanford

Gathering Strength, Gathering Storms: The AI100 2021 Study Panel Report

With Michael L. Littman, Ifeoma Ajunwa, Finale Doshi-Velez, and others
Stanford University, One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence

2021

2021 Book Chapter

A Positive Theory of the Rule of Law

With Jens Meierhenrich and Barry R. Weingast
In Meierhenrich, J. and Loughlin, M. The Cambridge Companion to the Rule of Law (Oxford University Press), pp. 237–258
2021 Nature

Cooperative AI: Machines Must Learn to Find Common Ground

With Allan Dafoe, Yoram Bachrach, Eric Horvitz, Kate Larson, and Thore Graepel
Nature Vol. 593, pp. 33–36
2021 Audiobook

Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent It for a Complex Global Economy

Audible, audiobook edition

2020

2020 Paperback

Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent It for a Complex Global Economy

Oxford University Press, paperback edition with new Foreword
2020 arXiv

Toward Trustworthy AI Development: Mechanisms for Supporting Verifiable Claims

With Miles Brundage, Shahar Avin, and 50+ others
arXiv preprint, arXiv:2004.07213

2019

2019 Essay

Towards Effective Value Alignment in AI: From "Should" to "How"

In AI Governance in 2019 — A Year in Review: Observations from 50 Global Experts, Shanghai Institute for Science of Science, pp. 19–20
2019 Fordham

Striking a Match, Not a Pose, for Access to Justice

Fordham Law Review Online pp. 160–161
2019 AIES

Incomplete Contracts and the AI Alignment Problem

With Dylan Hadfield-Menell
Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society (2019), pp. 417–422
2019 AIES

Legible Normativity for AI Alignment: The Value of Silly Rules

With Dylan Hadfield-Menell and McKane Andrus
Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society (AIES 2019), pp. 115–121
2019 Daedalus

More Markets, More Justice

Daedalus Vol. 148, pp. 37–48
2019 arXiv

The Role of Cooperation in Responsible AI Development

With Amanda Askell and Miles Brundage
arXiv preprint, arXiv:1907.04534
2019 Report

Liberating Health Data: Implications for Law, Technology and Patient Outcomes

With Jovana Jankovic, Dan Ryan, and Jamison Steeve
Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society
2019 Report

Governance Innovation

With Shauna Brail and Janice Stein
Schwartz Reisman Institute, Munk School of Global Affairs and School of Cities

2018

2018 U Chicago

What's Different About Law? A Response to Omri Ben-Shahar, "The Paradox of Access Justice, and Its Application to Mandatory Arbitration"

University of Chicago Law Review Online Vol. 86:19, pp. 19–33
2018 Book Chapter

Is Rule of Law an Equilibrium Without Private Ordering?

With Barry Weingast
In Jack Knight and Melissa Schwartz (eds.) Privatization: NOMOS LX, NYU Press

2017

2017 Law & Social Inquiry

The Problem of Social Order: What Should We Count as Law?

Journal of Law and Social Inquiry Vol. 41, pp. 16–27
2017 Book

Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent It for a Complex Global Economy

Oxford University Press

2016

2016 Wisconsin Law Review

Scaffolding: Using Formal Contracts to Build Informal Relations to Support Innovation

With Iva Bozovic
Wisconsin Law Review Vol. 2016, pp. 981–1032
2016 Hastings Law Journal

How to Regulate Legal Services to Promote Access, Innovation, and the Quality of Lawyering

With Deborah Rhode
Hastings Law Journal Vol. 67, pp. 1191–1223
2016 Book Chapter

Life in the Law-Thick World: The Legal Resource Landscape for Ordinary Americans

With Jamie Heine
In S. Estreicher and J. Radice (eds.) Beyond Elite Law: Access to Civil Justice in America (Cambridge University Press)

2015

2015 J Legal Analysis

Building Legal Order in Ancient Athens

With Federica Carugati and Barry Weingast
Journal of Legal Analysis Vol. 7, pp. 291–324

2014

2014 Annual Review

Microfoundations of the Rule of Law

With Barry Weingast
Annual Review of Political Science Vol. 17, pp. 21–42
2014 Book Chapter

Constitutions as Coordinating Devices

With Barry Weingast
In S. Galiani and I. Sened (eds.) Institutions, Property Rights, and Economic Growth: The Legacy of Douglass North (Cambridge University Press)
2014 Daedalus

Innovating to Improve Access: Changing the Way Courts Regulate Legal Markets

Daedalus Vol. 143, pp. 83–95
2014 IRLE

The Cost of Law: Promoting Access to Justice through the (Un)Corporate Practice of Law

International Review of Law and Economics Vol. 38, pp. 43–63

2013

2013 JEL

Review of The Economics of International Law by Eric Posner and Alan Sykes

Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 51, pp. 897–900
2013 European J Sociology

Democracy, Courts and the Information Order

With Dan Ryan
European Journal of Sociology Vol. 54, pp. 67–95
2013 J Law & Courts

Law without the State: Legal Attributes and the Coordination of Decentralized Collective Punishment

With Barry Weingast
Journal of Law and Courts Vol. 1, pp. 3–34

2012

2012 Book Chapter

Attorney-Client Confidentiality

With Shmuel Leshem
In C. Sanchirico (ed.) Encyclopedia of Law and Economics (2nd Ed.), Vol. 8: Procedural Law and Economics (Edward Elgar)
2012 Law & Ethics HR

Rational Reasonableness: Toward a Positive Theory of Public Reason

With Stephen Macedo
The Law & Ethics of Human Rights Vol. 6, pp. 7–46
2012 J Legal Analysis

What is Law? A Coordination Model of the Characteristics of Legal Order

With Barry Weingast
Journal of Legal Analysis Vol. 4, pp. 471–514
2012 I/S Journal

Legal Infrastructure and the New Economy

I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society Vol. 8, pp. 1–59
2012 Book Chapter

The Numbers Don't Lie: Why It's Time for Lawyers and Judges to Reduce the Regulatory Barriers to the Provision of Legal Help

In Liman at Fifteen: Accessing Justice, Rationing Law (Yale Law School), pp. 26–28

2011

2011 JEBO

The Dynamic Quality of Law: Judicial Incentives, Legal Human Capital and the Adaptation of Law

Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization Vol. 79, pp. 80–94
2011 Maryland Law Review

Equipping the Garage Guys in Law

Maryland Law Review Vol. 70, pp. 484–498
2011 Book Chapter

Producing Law for Innovation

In R. Litan et al. (eds.) Rules for Growth
2011 Book

Rules for Growth: Promoting Innovation and Growth Through Legal Reform

With R. Litan et al. (The Kauffman Foundation Task Force on Law, Innovation and Growth)
Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation

2010

2010 Fordham

Higher Demand, Lower Supply? A Comparative Assessment of the Legal Resource Landscape for Ordinary Americans

Fordham Urban Law Journal Vol. 37, pp. 129–156

2009

2009 Book Chapter

The Public and the Private in the Provision of Law for Global Transactions

In Volkmar Gessner (ed.) Contractual Certainty in International Trade (Oxford: Hart Publishing)
2009 Book Chapter

The Role of International Law Firms and Multijural Human Capital in the Harmonization of Legal Regimes

In Albert Breton et al. (eds.) Multijuralism: Manifestations, Causes, and Consequences (Ashgate Publishing)
2009 Annals of IM

Toward a 21st-Century Health Care System: Recommendations for Health Care Reform

With Kenneth Arrow, Alan Auerbach, et al.
Annals of Internal Medicine Vol. 150, Issue 7, pp. 493–495
2009 U Toronto LJ

The Strategy of Methodology: The Virtues of Reductionism for Comparative Law

University of Toronto Law Journal Vol. LIX, No. 2, pp. 223–235

2008

2008 Stanford Law Review

Legal Barriers to Innovation: The Growing Economic Cost of Professional Control over Corporate Legal Markets

Stanford Law Review Vol. 60, pp. 1689–1732
2008 Law & Society Review

Framing the Choice between Cash and the Courthouse: Experiences with the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund

Law & Society Review Vol. 42, pp. 645–682
2008 J Comparative Econ

The Levers of Legal Design: Institutional Determinants of the Quality of Law

Journal of Comparative Economics Vol. 36, pp. 43–73

2007

2007 DePaul Law Review

Don't Forget the Lawyers: Legal Human Capital and the Role of Lawyers in Supporting the Rule of Law

DePaul Law Review Vol. 55, pp. 401–421

2006

2006 JLEO

On Public versus Private Provision of Corporate Law

With Eric Talley
Journal of Law, Economics and Organization Vol. 22, pp. 414–441
2006 J Law & Policy

Judging Science: An Essay on the Unscientific Basis of Beliefs about the Impact of Law on Science and the Need for Better Data about Law

Journal of Law and Policy Vol. 14, pp. 137–163

2005

2005 Stanford Law Review

Exploring Economic and Democratic Theories of Litigation: Differences between Individual and Organizational Litigants in the Disposition of Federal Civil Cases

Stanford Law Review Vol. 57, pp. 1275–1327
2005 Annual Review

Feminism, Fairness and Welfare: An Invitation to Feminist Law and Economics

Annual Review of Law and Social Science Vol. 1, pp. 285–306
2005 Book Chapter

The Many Legal Institutions that Support Contractual Commitment

In Claude Menard and Mary Shirley (eds.) Handbook of New Institutional Economics (Kluwer), pp. 175–203
2005 DRI

The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund: "An Unprecedented Experiment in American Democracy"

The Future of Terrorism Risk Insurance, Defense Research Institute

2004

2004 JELS

Where Have All the Trials Gone? Settlements, Non-trial Adjudications and Statistical Artifacts in the Changing Disposition of Federal Civil Cases

Journal of Empirical Legal Studies Vol. 1, pp. 705–734
2004 ALER

Delivering Legality on the Internet: Developing Principles for the Private Provision of Commercial Law

American Law and Economics Review Vol. 6, pp. 154–184

2002

2002 JSEBL

Privatizing Commercial Law: Lessons from ICANN

Journal of Small and Emerging Business Law Vol. 6, pp. 257–283

2001

2001 Regulation

Privatizing Commercial Law

Regulation Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 40–45

2000

2000 Book Chapter

Changing the Path of the Law

In Steven J. Burton (ed.) The Path of the Law and Its Influence: The Legacy of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (Cambridge University Press), pp. 278–284
2000 Michigan Law Review

The Price of Law: How the Market for Lawyers Distorts the Justice System

Michigan Law Review Vol. 98, pp. 953–1006

1999

1999 JEBO

A Coordination Model of the Sexual Division of Labor

Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization Vol. 40, pp. 125–153
1999 SC Interdisc LJ

Of Sovereignty and Contract: Damages for Breach of Contract by Government

Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal Vol. 8, pp. 467–537
1999 Book

The Second Wave of Law and Economics

With Megan Richardson
Federation Press, Annandale, Australia

1998

1998 J Consumer Policy

An Information-Based Approach to Labeling Biotechnology Consumer Products

With David Thomson
Journal of Consumer Policy Vol. 21, pp. 551–578
1998 J Consumer Policy

Information-Based Principles for Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy

With Robert Howse and Michael Trebilcock
Journal of Consumer Policy Vol. 21, pp. 131–169
1998 Palgrave

Law-and-Economics from a Feminist Perspective

In Peter Newman (ed.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law Vol. 2, pp. 455–459
1998 Palgrave

Sexual Harassment

In Peter Newman (ed.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law Vol. 3, pp. 455–458
1998 U Penn Law Review

An Expressive Theory of Contract: From Feminist Dilemmas to a Reconceptualization of Rational Choice in Contract Law

University of Pennsylvania Law Review Vol. 146, pp. 1235–1285
1998 U Toronto LJ

Review of Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts and Other Things

University of Toronto Law Journal Vol. 48, pp. 151–155

1997

1997 Can Bus LJ

An Incomplete Contracting Perspective on Fiduciary Duty

Canadian Business Law Journal Vol. 28, pp. 141–154

1996

1996 U Toronto LJ

The Second Wave of Law and Economics: A Review of Michael Trebilcock's The Limits of Freedom of Contract

University of Toronto Law Journal Vol. 46, pp. 181–200
1996 California Law Review

Rational Women: A Test for Sex-Based Harassment

California Law Review Vol. 83, pp. 1151–1189

1995

1995 Book Chapter

Just Borders: Normative Economics and Immigration Law

In Warren Schwartz (ed.) Justice in Immigration (Cambridge University Press), pp. 201–211
1995 Osgoode Hall LJ

The Dilemma of Choice: A Feminist Perspective on The Limits of Freedom of Contract

Osgoode Hall Law Journal Vol. 33, pp. 337–351

1994

1994 Georgetown LJ

Households at Work: Beyond Labor Market Policies to Remedy the Gender Gap

Georgetown Law Journal Vol. 82, pp. 89–107
1994 California Law Review

Weighing the Value of Vagueness: An Economic Perspective on Precision in the Law

California Law Review Vol. 82, pp. 541–554
1994 J Legal Studies

Judicial Competence and the Interpretation of Incomplete Contracts

Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 23, pp. 159–184

1993

1993 Connecticut Law Review

Not the "Radical" Feminist Critique of Sex and Reason

Connecticut Law Review Vol. 25, pp. 533–546

1992

1992 ASCAP

The Economics of Copyright: An Historical Perspective

ASCAP Copyright Law Symposium No. 38, pp. 1–46
1992 IRLE

Incomplete Contracts and Statutes

International Review of Law and Economics Vol. 12, pp. 257–259
1992 Harvard Law Review

Flirting with Science: Richard Posner on the Bioeconomics of Sexual Man

Harvard Law Review Vol. 106, pp. 479–503
1992 Georgetown LJ

Bias in the Evolution of Legal Rules

Georgetown Law Journal Vol. 80, pp. 583–616

1991

1991 RAND J Economics

Credible Spatial Preemption through Franchising

RAND Journal of Economics Vol. 22, pp. 531–543

1990

1990 Stanford Law Review

Problematic Relations: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts

Stanford Law Review Vol. 42, pp. 927–992